集市上多了几家面包摊。小树发现，市场可以是一片广场，也可以是一套交易安排。More bread stalls join the fair. Mia finds that a market can be a square or a set of arrangements for exchange.
第 1 步：让买卖双方找到彼此Step 1: Help buyers and sellers meet
先问交易怎样开始。Ask how a trade begins.
市场连接买家与卖家。价格、质量和数量都是信息。交易也可以在网上发生。市场不必有固定的建筑。A market connects buyers and sellers. Prices, quality, and quantities carry information. Transactions can also happen online. A market need not have a particular building.
第 2 步：规则让承诺更可信Step 2: Rules make promises more credible
看见标价，就能放心成交吗？Does a displayed price guarantee a sound deal?
买家还要知道商品是否如实描述。称量、支付和争议处理需要规则。信息不对称会影响选择。某一方知道得更多，就可能改变结果。Buyers also need truthful product information. Weighing, payment, and dispute resolution need rules. Unequal information affects choices. When one side knows more, outcomes can change.
第 3 步：竞争有效也有条件Step 3: Competition works under conditions
摊位越多，就一定解决所有问题吗？Do more stalls solve every problem?
竞争可能推动价格与品质改进。但垄断、污染和信息问题仍可能存在。旁人承担的影响叫外部影响。评估市场还要看这些成本。Competition can encourage better prices and quality. Monopoly, pollution, and information problems can remain. Effects on outsiders are externalities. Evaluating a market includes these costs.
🎮 机制实验室：观察，再判断🎮 Mechanism lab: observe, then decide
卖家最低价不高于买家最高价时，存在双方可能接受的区间。未计交易费用。A feasible range exists when the seller’s minimum does not exceed the buyer’s maximum. Transaction costs are omitted.
一句话记住它：Remember it:市场协调交易，效果取决于信息、规则和竞争条件。Markets coordinate exchange; results depend on information, rules, and competition.
市场连接买家与卖家。A market connects buyers and sellers.买家还要知道商品是否如实描述。Buyers also need truthful product information.竞争可能推动价格与品质改进。Competition can encourage better prices and quality.
基础概念：较高把握。市场效果因制度与具体条件而异，不把效率等同于公平。High confidence in basic concepts. Outcomes vary with institutions and conditions; efficiency is not identical to fairness.
核对日期：2026 年 10 月 6 日。文字与配图由 AI 生成；已做来源核对及程序测试，待人工复核。Checked 6 October 2026. Text and illustrations are AI-generated. Sources and software checks were performed; human review is pending.
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